Innovating by Analogy
04.05.10, 4:49am Comments (10)

The theme of Design 4 Resilience, an upcoming event co-hosted by Shareable, offers multiple invitations.

One is to ask: What are the design principles – the characteristics of resilient systems that might guide our designs? If we surmise the characteristics, perhaps we can innovate by analogy?

It's worth mentioning that analogies can be tricky. Just because the cat is white and the refrigerator is white doesn’t mean that the two necessarily have anything else in common! Similarly, the characteristics that make one system resilient may not translate over to other systems. That said, here are some stories to consider:

In the spirit of biomimicry – learning from nature as model, measure and mentor – let’s start with the field of ecology. One characteristic of resilient ecosystems, according to the ecologists at the Resilience Alliance (RA), is modularity. Others include feedback, diversity and redundancy.

Picture a forest. Individual habitats exemplify modularity in the close relationships among plants, animals and so on – while connections with neighboring habitats are weaker. A diversity of forest species provides for redundancies (i.e., alternates) in how important ecosystem functions are performed.

Or consider computer design. The keyboard, monitor and microprocessor each have a distinct function that is necessary for the whole and easily replaced without changing other parts. In Design Rules: The Power of Modularity, business theorists Carliss Baldwin and Kim Clark ascribe the computer industry’s rapid growth and innovation to its decentralization of both engineering and economic organization.

The principle of modularity is also notable in the end-to-end architecture of the Internet, what Tim O'Reilly calls an “architecture of participation,” and in the small-pieces-loosely-joined nature of the World Wide Web, which extends participation to a wider group of users.

The Rocky Mountain Institute book Small is Profitable makes an engineering and economic case for modular, distributed electrical systems, in which the risks of large-scale failure are reduced.

And an RA-published paper by Pytrik Reidsma and Frank Ewert supports the significance of small-scale food production, finding that a diversity of farm types and practices reduces vulnerability to changes in climate.

What do these types of stories reveal about Design 4 Resilience? How do the characteristics of modularity (and feedback, diversity and redundancy) inform the design of products, services, markets, social systems and so on?

I hope these questions spark some discussion at the D4R open space conference and wish I could join you there.

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Thanks Howard, very helpful!

Thanks, Howard! Here's another story about modularity for the mix:

Consider heavy truck manufacturer Scania's modular design matrix of the specifications, part by part and module by module, necessary to configure a specific vehicle, like Legos. They are able to make more truck models from fewer parts than their competitors.

In his book "Profit Beyond Measure," H. Thomas Johnson writes, "To modularize its trucks, Scania identifies four elements that fulfill distinctive purposes necessary for the truck to operate: engine (used to generate power); transmission (the gearbox, transmission shaft, and final gears used to transmit power to the wheels); cab (used to house and connect the driver with the rest of the vehicle); and chassis (axles--front and rear--and frame used to carry loads).

Today, Scania's truck modules consist of three cab types, four engine types, four transmission types, and fifteen chassis types. The challenge is to standardize these modules so that any size of one module is capable of fitting together will all sizes of the other modules....Just as the whole truck consists of four self-contained modules, so also each of those modules contains smaller, self-contained modules." (p. 118)

In 2000 "Scania received the prestigious Design Engineering Prize at the Swedish Exhibition Centre in Göteborg in recognition of its advanced modular approach to the manufacture of heavy trucks. This year [2000] marks the tenth time the award has been given, and it is made jointly by NUTEK, the Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development, Ny Teknik magazine and the Swedish Exhibition Centre. In addition to the manufacture of trucks, Scania's modular approach encompasses other product areas (buses and industrial & marine engines) as well as services." (2000 Scania press release)

Excellent addition, Peter+Trudy.

I'll take this opportunity to acknowledge P+T for all the conversations we've had on this topic.

Thank you for this post Howard!

I have been thinking about this very thing from the perspective of some other principles oriented frameworks. Recently, I came across this article by Linda Booth Sweeney, which I retweeted with the comment: "Toward a Pattern Language for Systems Thinking", inspiring this blog post. It was a timely find for my process, as I have been thinking about what you also bring up in this post. That is: can a core set of principles directly inform designs and interventions aiming to address the issue of resilience in human made systems?

When designing sites and systems, I tend to be informed by David Holmgren's 12 Permaculture principles (on wikipedia; Permaculture Principles and Pathways beyond Sustainability book) but they serve more as an imprint on my capacity as a practitioner rather than a guide and checklist in the sense of A Pattern Language which is the framework that really inspires me to be further applied to resilience.

For those that have not yet read A Pattern Language, it is a set of principles that--depending on the specific circumstances and requirements of a given design challenge-- can be used to assemble a "language" (think, stylesheet?) by a guided a la carte process of sorts for the particular project at hand. So, for instance, in designing a co-housing community (the book focuses on the design of physical space), one may select the appropriate principles for that project, and then infer from the "pattern language" how the courtyard relates to the open space relates to the paths relates to the parking relates to the greater community within which it is embedded (and so on). It doesn't dictate the design, but--if followed--can influence the (still) myriad ways it may unfold.

Having A Pattern Language for Resilient Systems would be invaluable in both teaching Systems Thinking and D4R, as well as in providing a framework, sequence, and roadmap for those engaged in a design process. My intention in attending D4R is to participate in a session in this regard, and I hope to join in co-creating a conversation there*.

Together on Earth,

Chris Byrne
http://bit.ly/cbyrne

* and this is the beauty of the Open Space format, in that we are asking a question to be addressed together, to co-develop a leading edge. I am looking forward to the collaborative process unfolding and learning with all the people that will be in attendance!

Howard and Chris, you both have much to say about whether and how a pattern language for resilient systems might be discovered. Starting with the characteristics and principles of resilience (in ecosystems, in organizations, in individuals, etc.) may lead to fascinating insights. Are there patterns that occur universally? Do the patterns of ecosystems resilience apply equally to social systems, or are there important differences?

Chris, have you seen the pattern language Ecotrust developed, Patterns for a Conservation Economy? Howard's 2008 piece on Modularity also discusses patterns in the context of resilience.

Back to characteristics, earlier today in Googling "modular design" to look for more stories to share here, we found this book:

Yossi Sheffi, The Resilient Enterprise: Overcoming Vulnerability for Competitive Advantage, MIT Press, 2005

Publisher's description:

What happens when fire strikes the manufacturing plant of the sole supplier for the brake pressure valve used in every Toyota? When a hurricane shuts down production at a Unilever plant? When Dell and Apple chip manufacturers in Taiwan take weeks to recover from an earthquake? When the U.S. Pacific ports are shut down during the Christmas rush? When terrorists strike?

In The Resilient Enterprise, Yossi Sheffi shows that companies' fortunes in the face of such business shocks depend more on choices made before the disruption than they do on actions taken in the midst of it—and that resilience benefits firms every day, disaster or no disaster. He shows how companies can build in flexibility throughout their supply chains, based on proven design principles and the right culture—balancing security, redundancy, and short-term profits. And he shows how investments in resilience and flexibility not only reduce risk but create a competitive advantage in the increasingly volatile marketplace.

Sheffi describes the way companies can increase security—reducing the likelihood of a disruption—with layered defenses, the tracking and analysis of “near-misses,” fast detection, and close collaboration with government agencies, trading partners, and even competitors. But the focus of the book is on resilience—the ability to bounce back from disruptions and disasters—by building in redundancy and flexibility. For example, standardization, modular design, and collaborative relationships with suppliers (and other stakeholders) can help create a robust supply chain. And a corporate culture of flexibility—with distributed decision making and communications at all levels—can create a resilient enterprise.

Sheffi provides tools for companies to reduce the vulnerability of the supply chain they live in. And along the way he tells the stories of dozens of enterprises, large and small, including Toyota, Nokia, General Motors, Zara, Land Rover, Chiquita, Aisin Seiki, Southwest Airlines, UPS, Johnson and Johnson, Intel, Amazon.com, the U.S. Navy, and others, from across the globe. Their successes, failures, preparations, and methods provide a rich set of lessons in preparing for and managing disruptions.

Additional material available at www.TheResilientEnterprise.com

Wow, this is great commentary.

And one of our goals at D4R is powerfully addressed, to identify patterns and common principles across scales and disciplines.

Chris, we'd totally welcome a post on Shareable from you about what you learn about a pattern language for resilience at D4R (or something we can cross-post from your blog, with attribution and links back). We obviously have some interest here ;)

Thank you Peter+Trudy for your links and suggestions. I have a great deal of review ahead of me, beginning with some very intriguing articles on your website.

Neal, I'd love to cross-post my post D4R synthesis. Thanks for the invitation to do so!

And Howard, in rereading your post I realized you will not be in attendance. Bummer. Perhaps we could set up a conversation sometime soon and explore these ideas together.

Together on Earth,
Chris

Chris, thanks for bringing up the permaculture design principles in this discussion!

What's the relationship between the characteristics of a resilient ecosystem and the principles for permaculture design? Where do they overlap? Does understanding what makes a system resilient (its characteristics) precede learning how to design it?

Are there other sets of resilience characteristics and design principles that can be integrated into this consideration of a pattern language for resilient systems?

From the Permaculture Principles site:

The 12 permaculture design principles are thinking tools, that when used together, allow us to creatively re-design our environment and our behaviour in a world of less energy and resources.

These principles are seen as universal, although the methods used to express them will vary greatly according to the place and situation. They are applicable to our personal, economic, social and political reorganisation.

1. Observe and interact
2. Catch and store energy
3. Obtain a yield
4. Apply self regulation and accept feedback
5. Use and value renewable resources and services
6. Produce no waste
7. Design from patterns to details
8. Integrate rather than segregate
9. Use small and slow solutions
10. Use and value diversity
11. Use edges and value the marginal
12. Creatively use and respond to change

Rob Hopkins (author of The Transition Handbook and co-founder of the Transition Network) applies these 12 design principles to business in "Business, Resilience and Transition."

I opened Holmgren's Permaculture, Principles and Pathways beyond Sustainability (http://bit.ly/9H1TZq) this morning, and turning to Principle 7: Design from Patterns to Details, found a few notable quotes. (And, a reference to A Pattern Language, so it seems I am spiraling around and up a level in my inquiry here, because while his direct call to develop A Pattern Language for Permaculture was not in the forefront of my awareness in this round, I was highly influenced by Holmgren's book some years ago and certainly was sub-consciously referencing it in my inquiry for a Pattern Language for Resilience.)

Two to note (voice transcriptions and may not be 100% accurate):

"The spider on its Web, with its concentric and radial design, evokes zone and sector site planning, the best-known and perhaps most widely applied aspect of Permaculture design. The design pattern of the web is clear, but the details always very.

Modernity has tended to scramble any systemic common sense or intuition that can order the jumble of design possibilities and options that confront us in all fields. This problem of focus on detailed complexity leads to the design of white elephants that are large and impressive but do not work, or juggernauts that consume all our energy and resources while always threatening to run out of control. Complex systems that work tend to evolve from simple ones that work, so finding the appropriate pattern for that design is more important than understanding all the details of the elements in the system.

The proverb "can't see the wood (forest) for the trees" reminds us that the details tend to distract our awareness of the nature of the system; the closer we get the less we are able to comprehend the larger picture."

and (to the point made above about the universal applicability of patterns):

"Bill Molson's introduction to patterns in nature provides a broad, inspiring picture of a great field of potential applications in Permaculture design. The search for spatial and temporal patterns in nature, which take us beyond the Euclidean geometries that dominate our educated thinking, is important for designers in every field. Molson says "learning to master a pattern is very like learning a principle; it may be applicable over a wide range of phenomena, some complex and some simple." Although it is important to understand the relevance of the organic and apparently irregular patterns of nature to human systems, often our attempts to apply these patterns are arbitrary and inappropriate."

I also have a journal entry in my office that I will retrieve as I have a list of "other sets of resilience characteristics and design principles that can be integrated into this consideration of a pattern language for resilient systems".

Thanks for this rich dialogue.

Hi. I'm Vinay Gupta (often known as @leashless.) I co-edited Small is Profitable (and the following book, Winning the Oil Endgame) and refined and simplified some of those models for several years into the Hexayurt Project take on infrastructure. (http://hexayurt.com)

Look for Simple Critical Infrastructure Maps - http://butteredsidedown.co.uk/scim.html - for an approach to identifying the critical infrastructure in any given situation. It's quite useful.